The local binary pattern (LBP) is a simple yet very efficient operator which labels

the pixels of an image by thresholding the neighborhood of each pixel and considers

the result as a binary number. Perhaps the most important property of the LBP operator in real-world applications is its invariance against monotonic gray level changes caused, for example, by illumination variations. Another equally important is its computational simplicity, which makes it possible to analyze images in challenging real-time settings. LBP is also very flexible: it can be easily adapted to different types of problems and used

together with other image descr iptors